Theories of Consciousness free essay sample

Atheists are also Gods Instruments Verse Analysis :: essays research papers

Agnostics are God's instruments, and them, however everything too. Note what the Apostle Paul has written in the Bible: For he saith unto Moses, 'I will show kindness toward whom I will show benevolence, and I will have sympathy on whom I will have empathy.' So then it isn't of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, however of God that sheweth leniency. For the sacred writing saith unto Pharaoh, 'In any event, for this equivalent reason have I raised thee up, that I may shew my capacity in thee, and that my name may be pronounced all through all the Earth.' Therefore hath he leniency on whom he will show kindness, and whom he will he hardeneth. Romans 9:15-18. There are different refrains, however until further notice let us assess the above section from the King James Version: 1. God shows benevolence toward those whom He needs to show kindness toward. He has sympathy/love on those whom He needs to adore. 2. Man can attempt to accomplish something, however it is God who has settled on the choices and it is God who pre-destinated all things. 3. God pre-predetermined everything of what will befall them. 4. The Egyptian Pharaoh was made for God's motivations. The reasons for existing were: God demonstrated His capacity and God's name was pronounced all through all the Earth. 5. Pharaoh presumably didn't have the foggiest idea about God's actual goals. Regardless of whether Pharaoh recognized what it was, he was as yet unfit to oppose what has been pre-ordained by the Creator. Let us investigate what occurred in the book of Exodus: Furthermore, Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did as such as the Lord had directed: and Aaron cast down his bar before Pharaoh, and before his hirelings, and it turned into a snake. At that point Pharaoh additionally called the astute men and the alchemists: presently the performers of Egypt, they likewise did in like way with their charms. For they cast down each man his bar, and they became snakes: however Aaron's pole gobbled up their bars. What's more, he solidified Pharaoh's heart, that he noticed not unto them, as the Lord has said. Furthermore, the Lord said unto Moses, 'Pharaoh's heart is solidified, he refuseth to release the individuals.' Exodus 7:10-14. 1. Pharaoh saw the intensity of the Lord, and wouldn't submit in any event, when Aaron's pole gulped the performer's poles. 2. God himself solidified the core of Pharaoh. See likewise Exodus 8:15 and different stanzas which show that Pharaoh's heart was solidified.

11 Leadership Lessons From Napoleon

11 Leadership Lessons From Napoleon There are people who are said to have been “born leaders”. Meaning, they were born to naturally have leadership qualities, that they know how to command the respect of other people easily. But perceptions are changing, and leadership is now considered to be an attribute that can be learned. For sure, you have come across several leadership trainings and seminars, and courses that focus on teaching leadership lessons.But some of the best teachers when it comes to leadership are those who have made a mark in history, and using their actions and legacy as points of instruction. No doubt, one of the most notable and greatest leaders in history is Napoleon Bonaparte. © Flickr | Dennis JarvisIn this article, you will learn 1) about the history and actions of Napoleon Bonaparte and 2) 11 leadership lessons from Napoleon you can apply today.NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, THE GREATEST MILITARY COMMANDERFrench emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was a huge driving force in history, building and creating France to what it is today, and showing a great example of what leadership is to the rest of the world. He was one of the most brilliant military tacticians and strategists of his time and, unorthodox though his methods were, no one could deny how brilliant of a leader he was. He was fearless in the battlefield, and had enough charisma to draw people in with his words. Of course, there are other words that have been used to describe him: tyrant, motivator, revolutionary, ruthless politician. But one of his most enduring titles was that of a leader.Before becoming a prominent figure during the French Revolution and the Revolutionary Wars, Napoleon started out from humble beginnings, born to a family of minor nobility in Corsica. He showed early promise when it comes to a career in the military, and that’s what he did. He then rose up, starting out at the bottom of the military ranks until he became a military general and, at the age of 34, the first Emperor of France.Get a full picture on the life and actions of Napoleon Bonaparte by looking at this presentation.[slideshare id=57626087doc=napoleoncolorized-160128222354w=640h=330]LEADERSHIP LESSONS FROM NAPOLEONYou do not have to be part of the military in order to be able to apply the leadership lessons that Napoleon taught through example. The leadership skills and principles he had exhibited are applicable even in business, which is, incidentally, often similar  to a war or a battle. A good leader, be it of a fleet of warriors, military troops, or a corporate team, all follow the same fundamentals, and most of them can be learned from Napoleon Bonaparte.Lesson 1: Aim highDo not be satisfied with “just enough”, when you can have the “most”. Do not settle for “just all right”, when you can be the “best”.Aim high. Be greedy. Of course, it goes without saying that the effort you put in should also be at its fullest. There should be no room for half-assed attempts or half-hearted cracks at something. If you won’t aim high, that has very little difference to not aiming for anything at all.Lesson 2: Be where you are needed, and lead your people thereBeing present is already expected from a leader; but being present where you are needed is more important. Napoleon had many people with large amounts of abilities, skills and talents under his command, and he skillfully led them where their skills are needed or required. He made it a point to be there with them, so he could direct them better. He knew where to spot opportunities where his people’s skills and abilities will be put to use, and that is where he took them. The battlefield was his domain, and that was where you will find him, alongside and in front of his men.Napoleon was a very effective motivator. War time is definitely not a time for upbeat spirits, but with several speeches, he was able to revive the fighting spirit of men who were battle-weary and have been facing the poorest of conditions as they were led by a succession of incompetent leaders and commanders.Lesson 3: Be the first to do somethingBeing a leader means having the willingness to get your hands dirty. For Napoleon, no job was beneath him. Even when he was a celebrated general, he had no qualms about getting down from his steed and getting into the trenches. He participated in the work of those that he led. This ensured that he was kept aware of what goes on in the lower ranks even when he was already up there.For a while, the pictures painted of the quintessential leader was one that sits behind a desk (or on his throne), barking and giving orders to his subjects or servants, expecting them to buckle down and do what he told them at that very moment. This easily makes for a divisive relationship, one where the followers would have no respect for their leader, and doing something because they are told to do so, without them even wanting to do it.Being hands-on is something that employees are bound to appreciate from their leader. It tells a lot about the character of a leader when he attempts to work side by side with the people he leads. It is easier for both sides to connect and collaborate, and therefore finish the task at hand effectively and efficiently.Lesson 4: Say what you mean and mean what you sayEmpty promises are not what you would hear from a good leader. Giving false hopes, on the other hand, is the same thing.Napoleon advocated delivering on what has been promised and by this was great at expectation management. This effectively inspired confidence and trust in his people, so they were willing to follow him wherever he led.It is important for your people â€" and for everyone else â€" to see your sincerity as a leader, and by choosing your words carefully, you can show that you mean business.Lesson 5: Acknowledge that you cannot do everything by yourselfThere is a general misconception that a leader must be able to do everything alone. That certainly defeats the purpose of leading a group. You need help? Then ask for it.Napoleon, no matter how accomplished a soldier and tactician he was, could not have won battles if he were alone in the charge. He needed help from others, and he was not above lowering himself and doing things for others in order to ask for it. In the end, he was able to accomplish what he set out to do.There is one other thing that Napoleon made a point of, particularly after getting help from others: he thanked them. Whether it was through saying the words out loud, paying his soldiers with gold and silver that he has obtained, or even taking his own medal and pinning it on the coat of one his soldiers, he never failed to thank those w ho contributed to the cause.Gratitude is something that is often overlooked, even in corporate settings. There is this common perception that, since everyone in business is out to get something from others (e.g. win a deal, earn profits), then it’s mainly a give-and-take relationship, so saying thank you is not really all that important.You should give credit to where, when, and to whom it is due. The modern leader who wants to follow Napoleon’s example should set up an appreciation and reward system in place. It is to show his people that he appreciates the hard work they put in, and reward them for a job well done. This is a very positive way to boost their morale and motivate them to do better. On the other hand, employees who feel unappreciated and unrewarded by their leaders tend to feel disgruntled and completely unmotivated to go to work, or even think of ways to be less productive.Lesson 6: Be differentAs a leader, you have to set yourself apart from your people. The gre atest leaders did this by accomplishing great feats and tasks, by doing any of the following:Doing things differently. Breaking conventions and defying expectations was something that Napoleon did during his time. That’s what made him such a brilliant strategist, because he was not afraid to try something different, something new.Napoleon refused to stick to what was the norm, even in the way he and his men fought. As long as he saw an advantageous position for his troops, he seized it. He came up with tricks on battle formations that even bewildered his generals, but they turned out to be excellent moves, as evidenced by his victory during the Battle of the Pyramids in Egypt, when his 20,000-strong French army systematically defeated the Mamluk warriors, who had 60,000 men.As a leader, you have to always be on the lookout for other, newer, ways to perform a task. It’s not really a good idea to stick to only one method of dealing with one situation, especially in a competitive e nvironment such as business, where there are competitors at every turn. By doing things in the same way over and over again, you are in danger of being predictable, so they will be able to anticipate your moves better, and you lose any advantage you may have over them.Doing the impossible. Napoleon was seen as braver than most people, going where others would not dare, doing what others deemed impossible.Just like in the example stated above, which could only be described by many as an impossible task. Being short of 40,000 men compared to the enemy would have been enough to make other commanders cower, but not Napoleon. Instead, he looked for ways to even up the numbers without seeking reinforcements, and that was through his brilliant strategizing.Lesson 7: Respect your peopleRespect asks for  respect. It is something that is earned, yes, even by leaders. Napoleon was able to command the respect of his soldiers by showing that he, too, had respect for them and their abilities and contributions. It did not even matter that it was the lowest-ranked foot soldier, Napoleon respected them as human beings and part of the troops, and not solely for their position in the hierarchy.Napoleon was able to build an unstoppable army, mainly because of the devotion and loyalty that he was able to instill in his soldiers. But take note that Napoleon did not just earn the devotion of his people to him, per se, but he also made sure that his people became devoted to their cause. He made them want victory and glory in every battle as much as he did.Know your people and understand them. This is also another way of showing that you respect your people: get to know them and understand how they feel. Napoleon also took this as an opportunity to predict outcomes, especially when faced with unexpected circumstances or situations. Planning and strategizing became easier because Napoleon knew his people, so he knew where to put resources in the field.Do not silence your people. Let th em speak their minds and say their peace. Do not just hear them out; really listen to what they say. Get their thoughts, ideas, and opinions; you will be surprised at how much you can learn just by letting your people talk and by listening to what they have to say. Putting restrictions or limitations on them will also potentially be limiting to your effectiveness as a leader, and of your group’s goals. More importantly, pay attention to what your people think about how you are as a leader. After all, they are in the best position to say whether you are going a good job leading them or not.Trust your people. This is probably one of the hardest things for a leader (for anyone, really) to do but, by trusting your people, you are also working towards getting them to trust you. People find it easier to give their loyalty and trust to someone who shows that they trust them back. In the Battle of the Pyramids, for example, Napoleon trusted that his men will come through, despite being ou tnumbered. In return, his men trusted him to come up with a strategy for them to survive and beat the enemies.Lesson 8: Look people in the eyeIt’s a very simple thing to do, yet not a lot of people manage to do it. It’s called eye contact, and it is a quality that every good leader should have.By looking at another person straight in their eye, you are acknowledging their existence and showing that you are listening to what they have to say. It also serves as one way to gauge the person you are talking to. Sizing up a rival or an enemy will be easier when you look into their eyes, since it has been said all too often that the eyes are the windows of one’s soul. You can tell a lot about a person by watching how their eyes move, shift, or react.Lesson 9: Control your temperMore often than not, we are our own worst enemy, and anger is not going to help any. Anger is one sure way to cloud one’s judgment and, as a good leader, you are not supposed to let go of the clarity of your judgment.By managing his anger, Napoleon was able to keep his emotions in check and keep a clear head on the battlefield, where every decision â€" even the smallest one â€" could make the difference between life and death.Do not speak in anger. People who let anger rule over them tend to say things that they soon regret later on. In the process, they hurt other people, and they also lose the respect that those people had for them.Do not make decisions when you are feeling emotional. Unless you have a handle on your emotions, do not decide on anything. Deliberation requires a level head, and being emotional â€" not just plain furious â€" won’t let you do that objectively.Lesson 10: Have respect for your timeYou might not know it, but you might be disrespecting the time that is available to you by doing things that are irrelevant and will not really give you any satisfaction. Napoleon showed great efficiency in managing time and becoming an excellent organizer.This was also apparen t in how Napoleon was known to focus on the key issues at hand. With so many issues to sort through, he knew which points to pay attention to, and which ones can be ignored or left for another day.You often hear businessmen say that “time is money”, and there is a lot of truth to this. Time wasted means money wasted in business, which is why business leaders should make sure they manage their time well. The Pomodoro technique is great for managing your time.Lesson 11: Never stop learningA leader should never feel and act like he knows everything and, thus, no longer sees the need to learn anything more. There is always, ALWAYS, something new to learn.Napoleon never stopped seeking to improve himself by acquiring knowledge and learning whatever could be learned, which he then used in his future endeavors. Even as a young boy, he read a lot, focusing on the Classics, particularly those of notable leaders in history such as Alexander the Great.In the formulation of the Napoleonic C ode, Napoleon entrusted the task to equally brilliant individuals, but he still joined the lengthy meetings, astounding everyone with his amazing grasp of all the relevant details. This is proof that, even at the height of his power as a leader, he never stopped learning.Leaders in business have to be aware of a lot of things, even beyond the scope of the industry that they are in. This is not just a way to widen their horizons, but to also keep their minds alert and sharp, to make it easier for them to spot opportunities once they arise.Image credit: Flickr | Dennis Jarvis  (modified) under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic.

Taking a Look at Cloning - 2221 Words

â€Å"A clone is an identical genetic copy of a biological entity.† (LaPensee, 2012) Clones are defined as an identical genetic copy, however, clones do not always look identical. This is due to the different ways that genes are interpreted and the role the environment plays in how an organism develops (LaPensee, 2012). Although the term clone was not used until 1963 in a speech, the investigation into genetics had begun much earlier with the work of August Weismann in the late 1880s (LaPensee, 2012). Weismann proposed that cell differentiation would reduce the genetic information contained within a cell. This theory pervaded until 1902 when the German embryologist Hans Spelmann showed how split salamander embryos could still grow to adulthood (LaPensee, 2012). The past of cloning has many significant events. The first significant event occurred in 1996 when Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues create the first cloned mammal, a sheep they named Dolly (Back Story, 2013). In 2001, President George W. Bush banned federal funding for research that uses stem cells, with the exception of a small number of existing cell lines. The decision severely restricted stem cell research in the US, this decision was reversed in 2009 by President Barack Obama (Back Story, 2013). A few years later, in 2011, researchers tried to create human embryonic stem cells using nuclear transfer, but the eggs would either stall out after only a few divisions or need an extra set of chromosomes to growShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Cloning1043 Words   |  4 Pages usually found in older sheep. This raised the suspicion that cloning may or may not be connected with certain diseases that may be abnormal to mammals in a young stage in their life. After the successful cloning of Dolly, scientists have attempted to clone other mammals such as dogs, pigs, cows, and cats. Recent study has brought the discussion on whether or not our science is advanced enough to clone human beings. Although cloning human beings can lead to medical discoveries and breakthroughsRead MoreTaking a Look at Human Cloning1067 Words   |  4 Pageswords, cloning. It did not take a long time for scientists to understand that the same qualified organisms could be created by using and copying cells. After the first successful mammal cloning, Dolly the sheep in 1997, science world was proud, but not satisfied yet. Curiosity and enthusiasm manipulated scientists to reach the climax of the cloning history with an astonishing, but a risky discovery: the first successful stem cell cloning in 2013 which declares the possibility of human cloning. On oneRead MoreTaking a Look at DNA Cloning1260 Words   |  5 PagesDNA cloning is the process of creating a multitude of copies of isolated DNA fragments; DNA cloning can be carried out via in vitro or in vivo methods. One can clone a specific DNA sequence or entire gene fragments. There are a multitude of procedures to carry out DNA cloning, but the major steps are the same for all types. To begin the process, one must isolate a DNA fragment from the chromosomal DNA. This is done by using a restriction enzyme. One could also use gel electrophoresis and polymeraseRead MoreTaking a Look at Human Cloning848 Words   |  3 PagesHuman cloning is the process of taking an emptied human embryo and inserting the human DNA or the DNA of any living creature. After all this the embryo will grow and form as if it were in the womb and conceived normally. Human cloning is not just some make believe idea, it is here. Human cloning can save countless lives through stem cell research or by finding cures for diseases. Human cloning is not just cloning people depending on the cells in the embryo the embryo will grow to become those selectedRead MoreThe Permissable Nature of Cloning Illustrated in Jennifer and Rachel by † Lee M. Silver664 Words   |  3 PagesIn â€Å"Jennifer and Rachel,† Lee M. Silver argues that reproductive cloning deems permissible to those who encourage it, as opposed to those who reject it and don’t want to run the risk of how they’ll look in the eyes of society. Jennifer, an independent career driven woman, believes that the best way to have a baby of her own at her age is by cloning. Silver’s description of the cloning procedure is done by retrieving cells from the willing adult; prepare the cells for merging to unfertilized eggsRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical Nature Of The Subject1507 Words   |  7 Pagessubject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatest number of people affected by that action. In this way, utilitarianism is sometimes called a moral calculus. A utilitarian approach to cloning would lookRead More The Benefits of Cloning Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of Cloning Imagine having a twin that looks and acts exactly like you. Even more interesting this twin is a product of scientific cloning. If scientists have their way, identical replicas of human beings will be roaming the earth. This scientific vision may occur a lot more recent then many think. Cloning can be (better) understood by looking at it’s definition, process, and some examples. This first step to better understanding cloning is to hear precisely what it is. Cloning can be definedRead MoreThe Controversy of Genetic Cloning873 Words   |  3 Pages Genetic cloning is one of the most controversial topics of all time. People, specifically scientists, are constantly searching for ways to improve the quality of human life. As a result, they began genetically engineering animals and are currently in search of a method to genetically engineer humans as well; which is called human cloning. There are many reasons why people should not go forward with this step since genetic cloning, consequently human cloning, does not respect nature nor does itRead More Human Cloning Should be Permitted Essay example1371 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning Should be Permitted What would you say if I told you that scientists had just developed a new procedure that could lead not only to the cure for cancer, but would provide an unlimited source of organ donors and could lead to the first effective treatment of nerve damage? Now adding on to this scenario lets say that our government was taking action to ban this new procedure because of a few myths and some loud mouthed conservatives. This scenario is true and is taking placeRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of several

On Fast Food Marketing Essay - 1849 Words

In the United States there has been an expanding issue of obesity since the 1990s; and only until now with the growing trend of gym memberships for personal fitness has the epidemic been mitigated. The wide availability of fast food and second kitchens has led to high obesity rates. However, the availability is only the product of intense consumer demands. Fast food manufacturers would only supply ridiculously unhealthy food if and only if the consumers had a high demand for such garbage. As was seen in the 1920s when alcohol was banned in the United States due to violence arising from alcoholics – the people that wanted alcohol still found ways to attain alcohol through the black market, the underground liquor market led my Al Capone.†¦show more content†¦To begin, an effective tool that fast food marketers use to attempt to lure in possible consumers is the use of characters. Character differs from dress in that character is specific to a persons attributes and ackn owledgments. In two Carls Jr. ads an attractive female character is featured. Kim Kardashian is presented with a salad, and seductive clothing while on a bed. Kardashian is an actress, model, and a recording artist; shes even had a sex tape. Traits such as these made Kardashian the most qualified individual to be presented with a Carls Jr. salad. Padma Lakshmi is also an actress and a model, which gives her a marketable image. Both models are physically fit; physically attractive women have rigorous meal plans and intense workout sessions. The salad ad from Carls Jr. with Kardashian implies that to be as fit as Kim Kardashian this is the salad that should be consumed. While the Bacon cheese Burger with Lakshmi suggests that one can still maintain a fit body and devour the Western Bacon cheeseburger from Carls Jr. Fast food manufacturers only present the food; as misleading as the ads are it is ultimately the consumer that misinterprets. Whether or not the consumer falls for the bait is up to the individual not to the fast food manufacturers. Thus fast food manufacturers should bear no blame for the lack of responsibility from the consumer.Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For A Fast Food Restaurant1266 Words   |  6 PagesTHREAT The threat is very obvious in this industry as it is a very saturated market with a lot of fast food restaurant operating in towns. Chipotle may also lose their sales to McDonalds or Wendy’s who offer tastier food with more choices. Teenagers might prefer something that is more delicious even though it is less healthy and this goes against Chipotle’s vision to provide nutritious food. Their effort in opening restaurant internationally is one of the biggest threats due to low customer familiarityRead MoreMarketing Assignment for Fast Food Joint1047 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary: A hypothetical fast food outlet set up by 3 entrepreneurs. As the name suggests, the joint will cater to the ‘quick bite’ / fast-food needs of today’s consumers – predominantly wraps/rolls. Strategically located on BEL road in Bangalore, the company plans to open at least 10 more outlets in the city over the next 2 years through the franchise route. The restaurant is currently in operations from a year and getting a very good response mainly from the youth of surrounding areaRead MoreMarketing Strategies For Fast Food Outlets1593 Words   |  7 PagesFast food outlets use a wide range of marketing strategies to maximise sales, and is ‘a big part of fast food success’ (Money Instructor). This study relates to the economic and environmental area of study as it addresses contemporary marketing strategies and the promotion of purchases within the franchise. The aim of this study will be to investigate marketing strategies, particularly promotional and advertising, adapted by fast food outlets in order to unveil successful advertising strategies.Read MoreMarketing Plan For The Fast Food Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the development of the marketing plan supports the businesses to integrate the unique elements and attract the appropriate target audience. Moreover performing the market analysis, consumer b ehavior analysis and the environmental analysis mainly supports in maintaining the focus for strategic incorporation of the innovative marketing strategies and channels. RESEARCH STRUCTURE Therefore, the purpose of the particular report is to structure the comprehensive Marketing Plan, for the new healthyRead MoreObesity Caused by Fast Food Marketing1496 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Big Fat Case Against Big Macs, published in The Washington Post on December of 2002, Ellen Goodman argues that the best lawyers cannot prove that the fast food industry caused the obesity epidemic in its customers, but they may prove that they fooled its customers, especially the young customers. Goodman argues that corporations like McDonalds target young kids by putting toys with their meals to attract them. She also states that they put slogans to make kids think that eating their BigRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Fast Food Industry Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesOur team of consultants has been hired to examine the fast food industry, in order to provide an industry analysis of the business environment, as this will give an insight of the industry’s current situation and recomm end to our client of whether it will be a good market to enter. The following outline of the report will include a brief description of the industry, followed by the industry’s analysis that includes the macro environment demonstrated through a PEST analysis, the industry parametersRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Fast Food Chains1146 Words   |  5 Pages Many industries today rely on the use of rhetoric when promoting their products. Among the common sources of this approach are fast food chains, which predominantly pursue television advertisements as the basis for their marketing strategies. Carl’s Junior’s appeals are a primary example of this practice, as the company is often found addressing its customers from the other side of a screen. Recently, it promoted an all natural burger during the Super Bowl. In advertising the burger, Carl’s Jr.Read MoreMarketing Strategies Of Fast Food Industry Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesFast Food Industry Have you ever sat down at a fast food restaurant enjoying a delicious triple grand slam cheeseburger and think about all the strategies of how all of this was created? I know I have. The fast food industry is one of the most complex industries out there. With all the marketing strategies, healthier options, and competitive markets this could easily but one of the most difficult industries to be a part of. To evaluate, this industry I will dive into the fields of management, theRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of The Fast Food Industry Essay2235 Words   |  9 PagesHave you ever sat down at a fast food restaurant enjoying a delicious triple grand slam cheeseburger and think about all the strategies of how all of this was created? I know I have. The fast food industry is one of the most complex industries out there. With all the marketing strategies, healthier options, and completive markets this could easily but one of the most difficult industries to be a part of. To evaluate, this i ndustry I will dive into the fields of management, the completive landscapeRead MoreMarketing Strategies For The Fast Food Industry Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Whether it is the latest television commercial or an ad in the local paper, businesses are using marketing to entice the consumer to purchase their latest product they are offering for a specific price. While some companies may have great marketing strategies, if they fail to price their product accordingly to be competitive with their competition, they will find themselves with lower sales than expected. Pricing changes may change for various reasons Paley (2006) from introducing

Hawaiian Punch Short-Cycle Free Essays

Marketing Problems – Applications and Decisions (74-232) Odette School of Business, University of Windsor II. Short Cycle Key person and his / her position in the organization:Kate Hoedebeck, director of marketing for Hawaiian Punch at Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. Key issue:To prepare the 2005 Hawaiian Punch business marketing plan and coordinate the newly consolidated version of the three companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Hawaiian Punch Short-Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sub issues: 1. How will they increase market share? They already are the number 1 fruit punch drink sold in the U. S. 2. How will two distinct manufacturing, sales, and distribution networks to stock and sever an identical beverage for the same customers fare? 3. Determining the roles each will play in sales, profitability, and equity of the Hawaiian punch brand. 4. Will Cadbury Schweppes restructure for growth take focus away from maintain market leadership? 5. Can they achieve sales need to capture an attractive profit margin? 6. What are the potential competitor reactions? Why now? The 2005 business marketing plan is one of the key factors to ensure successful growth with the newly consolidated corporations. We are currently towards the end of 2004. By when must the key person make this decision? (Include your reason for this time frame)To allow sufficient time for the plan to be properly implemented, Hoedebeck should have it complete by September 1st, 2004. Stakes: what does the organization stand to gain or lose if it makes a good or bad decision? Potential benefits of a good decisionPotential costs of a bad decision Increased profitsDecreased profits Maintained market leadershipFailed product line Diversified promotion strategyLoss of focus from core competencies Expanded product lineBankruptcy Larger target marketLost jobs Happy retailers and foodservice customersFailed marketing strategy Competitive sustainability Over/under estimation of product or brand line More convenient for distribution and retailersWrong information in her analysis Questions you should ask yourself as you complete the Long Cycle: 1. Who are Hawaiian Punch’s competitors? 2. What stage of the product life style is their fruit punch beverage in? 3. What pricing/promotion strategy should they use for their product? 4. How will the consolidation impact growth? 5. What is their brand positioning? 6. What is their product line and pricing? How to cite Hawaiian Punch Short-Cycle, Papers

One of a Kind by G-Dragon free essay sample

G-Dragon- One of a Kind If you’re tired of not hype music that don’t fit you, you should try the solo effort of the international artist G-Dragon. â€Å"One of a kind† is a hip-hop and rap kind of music. It’s a kind of music that will hype you up to make you dance with the song. The song is interesting even you don’t know the language of the song. I love the part in the lyric he said (â€Å"Yes sir, I’m one of a kind†) it will make you feel upbeat and do what you do. G-Dragon, who wrote and produce this song, this song length was organize by Choice37. With this song, G-Dragon also has express who he is as an artist and he shows making music you have to be you. The first single, â€Å"Heartbreaker,† release in 2009. Produced by G-Dragon and Jimmy Thornfelt, it was the amazing debut of G-Dragon as a solo. We will write a custom essay sample on One of a Kind by G-Dragon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This song wasn’t as good as â€Å"One of a kind† because G-Dragon put more of who he is in the song than â€Å"Heartbreaker† and it is more upbeat song for people who like loud and exciting. G-Dragon is an amazing artist, who writes his on music and produce it to. I can’t wait to see what’s next in his journey of becoming a sensation throughout the world.

The Ultimate ACT Math Prep Guide Strategies, Topics, and Tips

The Ultimate ACT Math Prep Guide Strategies, Topics, and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We at PrepScholar believe in providing you with the highest quality ACT study material. We've put together a detailed, entirely free guide for your ACT math prep right here.This is the best, most comprehensive guide to the ACT Math section available anywhere.To make this article, we brought all of our top ACT Math guides together in one place. The path to mastering the ACT is challenging, but if you're dedicated to doing your best on the test and are ready to commit your time and energy to improving your score, using our guides can help you reach your greatest potential! This ultimate guide to ACT Math will start by comparing the ACTand SAT Math sections so that any of you still on the fence about which test to take can make the best decision for you. Next, we'll go through the format of theACTMath section, point you toward the bestfree ACT Mathtests and practice problems, and dive into more generalACTtips you'll need to know for the test. Finally, we'll go over the individual math topics bound to appear on test day. It's a good idea to read each guide we've linked roughly in order- at least the first time you go through this collection. Afterward, you can come back to any of the guides you need to review to give yourself a refresher. Now that we've covered the basics, let's dive in! If you'd rather skip around, here are quick links to the main sections of this article: ACT Math vs SAT Math High-Level ACT Math Section Overview Free ACT Tests and ACT Math Practice Problems ACT Math Tips and Tools ACT Math Topic Guides Strategies for Multiple Types of ACT Math Problems Individual ACT Math Topic Guides ACT Math vs SAT Math For those of you who aren't sure whether the SAT or ACT is right for you, we've broken down what each test looks like, how their sections differ, and which one better suits the type of math student you are. ACT vs. SAT: 11 Key Differences to Help You Pick the Right Test What are the main differences between the ACT and SAT? How different (or similar) are their Math sections?We'll show you how each test differs in terms of structure, style, and content- as well as what this means for you. Is the ACT Easier Than the SAT? Everyone seems to have an opinion on whether the ACT or SAT is easier, but differentpeople will find that different testssuit them best. So which is easier: ACT or SAT Math? In this guide, we help you determine which exam will be easier for you based on your own strengths and weaknesses. High-Level ACT Math Section Overview Now that you've (presumably) decided to choose the ACT Math section, let's talk big picture. These guides will lay the foundation for your ACT studies to give you an idea of how the ACT Math section works as a whole and how you can master it. What’s Actually Tested on ACT Math Section? Concepts, Subjects, and Skills The first step to understanding how to master the ACT Math section is to learnexactly what you'll be tested on. This guide takes you through all of the major math topics tested on the ACT so that you can know what and how to study for this section. How You Can Take Advantage of ACT Math Question Order Because the ACT is a standardized test, you can use its structure to predict what your own ACT will look like. In this guide, we explain how the ACT Math section is arranged and teach you how to use this information to your advantage during your studies and on test day. How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer For those of you who are already doing well on ACT Math and want to aim for perfection, this is the guide for you. Written by a perfect scorer, our article gives youexpert advice and tips to helpyou take your ACT Math score to the top. Free ACT Tests and ACT Math Practice Problems Mastering the ACT, especially the Math section,requires you to arm yourself with tons of content knowledge and take the time to practice with real ACTMath practice tests and problems. Here, we give you our picks for the best free onlineACT Mathmaterials to use in your test prep. Complete Official ACT Practice Tests, Free Links If you haven't yet taken a full ACT practice test yet, set aside some time and take one of these free, real ACTtests. This will give you a score as a starting point to work with, and will show you how your Math score fits into the larger picture of your ACT score goals. Complete List of FREE ACT Math Practice Questions In addition to full ACT tests, there are many ACTMath problems available for free online that aren't part of full-length tests. We link to all of them here and give you helpful tips you'll needto master in order to be able to solve them both fast and accurately. The 21 Hardest ACT Math Questions Ever We've compiled the most difficultACTMath problems from the past 10 years and provided answer explanations for each of them. Take a look if you're ready to test yourself against the most difficult problems the ACThas to offer! ACT Math Tips and Tools So far you've learned what the ACT Math section looks like, high-level strategies for improving your scores, and where to find high-quality ACT Math practice problems. Now, we'll look at theskills and tools you'll need to further master the Math section. The 31 CriticalACTMath Formulas You MUST Know One of the most important aspects of the testis knowing your ACT math formulas as well as how to apply them to problems. In this guide, we show you what math formulas you'll absolutely need to know, and what formulas you can get away withnotknowing on test day. How to Actually Use YourACTMath Formulas Now that you know the keyformulas, how do you make use of them on ACT Math? We show you how and when to use math formulas to their greatest effect, and take you through the formulas you'll need to know most for the test. How to Improve Low ACT Math Scores: 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer If you're consistently scoring in the range of 14-24 on ACT Math but want to hit 26 or higher, this is the guide for you. Here, our resident full scorer gives you the motivation and essential tips needed to easily and effectively raise your Math score. How to Get the Most Out of ACT Math Practice Questions Knowing how to use your practice problems effectively is just about as important as having access to practice problems in the first place. Learn how to best approach ACT Math problems and ultimately improve your score. Guide toACTCalculators: Expert Tips A good (and pre-approved)calculatoron ACTMath isindispensable. Learn which calculators are allowed on the test and get the inside knowledge of which calculators ourACTexperts prefer. How to Guess Strategically on ACTMath When should you guess on an ACT Math question? More importantly, how can you make your best guess possible? Learn how to increase your guessing oddsand give yourself the greatest possibility of getting a Math question right. How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACTMath Running out of time on ACTMath when you practice? This section is fast paced but not impossible. Here, we take you through the steps you'll need to beat the clock and get your best Math score. How You'll Get Stuck in ACT Math Questions, and What to Do About It If you've ever found yourself stymied by a problem, this is the guide for you. We help you quickly identify when you're going down the wrongACTMath path, and how to get yourself out of it. ACTMath Topic Guides Now that you've got a solid grasp of the most important high-levelACTMath strategies, it's time to take a look at each and everymath topic on the test. We've written individual informational andstrategyguides for every ACT Math topic, and provide practice problems with answer explanations for each. Strategies for Multiple Types of ACT Math Problems Many ACTMath problems can be solved in multiple ways, and two strategies in particular can help you solve several kinds of questions. These key strategies give you the power to answer questions on math topics you aren't sure how to solve using the "traditional" way, and help you double-check that you've chosen the correct answer. Plugging in Answers: A Critical ACT Math Strategy Plugging in Numbers: A Critical ACT Math Strategy Instead of solving math problems directly, you can use the structure of the test against itself. These two essential strategies involve putting answer choices back into problems and using numbers to test equations and inequalities. They're especially helpful forcomplex algebra problems- nothing beats working with real numbers instead of variables! Individual ACT Math TopicGuides Now, let's look at each math topic on the ACTby subject. Numbers Integers (basic) Integers (advanced) Fractions, ratios, and proportions Statistics Probability Sequences Algebra Single-variable equations Systems of equations Inequalities Operations Functions Word problems Polynomials Coordinate Geometry Lines and slopes Reflections, translations, and rotations Plane and Solid Geometry Lines and angles Circles Triangles Polygons Solid Geometry Conic sections Trigonometry Advice for Using This Ultimate ACT Math Guide There's a lot of information here, so take your time as you read through it. Similarly, try to balance your studies over a period of several months. The ACTMath section is complicated, and there's a lot of content and problem-solving techniques to understand if you want to score highly on it. That said, always take to heart that it is possible for you to do well onACTMath. Getting a good Math score requires dedication and discipline, but mastering the section iscompletely doable. And don't forget that taking the time to work through these ACT Math prep guides means you're already on the right track! What’s Next? Want more guidance? Check out our other ACT sectionguides forEnglish, Reading, Science, and Writing. We've also got an ultimate guide to the ACT as a whole! Think you might be procrastinating on your ACT study plan? Then read our guide to learn how you can get your focus back and stop putting off ACT prep. If you're still feeling overwhelmed, consider working with a prep program.OurACTprep programlearns your strengths and weaknesses to tailor your study materials and lessons to the areas you need to focus on most. We also teach you how to balance your time during your studies so that you can get the most out of every hour of prep. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Scope - Definition for the Java Term

Scope - Definition for the Java Term Scope refers to the lifetime and accessibility of a variable. How large the scope is depends on where a variable is declared. For example, if a variable is declared at the top of a class then it will accessible to all of the class methods. If it’s declared in a method then it can only be used in that method. For more information, have a look at the Understanding Variable Scope and Using Modifiers With Variables. Examples: For example, the scope of the variableNUMBER_OF_HOURS_IN_A_DAY is the whole class. Whereas the scope of NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_A_WEEK is just the calculateHoursInWeeks method: public class AllAboutHours{ private final int NUMBER_OF_HOURS_IN_A_DAY 24; public int calculateHoursInDays(int days) { return days * NUMBER_OF_HOURS_IN_A_DAY; } public int calculateHoursInWeeks(int weeks) { final int NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_A_WEEK 7; return weeks * NUMBER_OF_DAYS_IN_A_WEEK * NUMBER_OF_HOURS_IN_A_DAY; }}

Register Nurse interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Register Nurse interview - Essay Example According to the RN, the use of interpersonal communication in the nursing practice takes into account the personality and character traits of the communicating parties. Communicators, the message, feedback, context, and channel (West & Turner, 2007) are the elements that the RN attributed to interpersonal communication process. The use of these elements in the nursing practice allows information to be collected and given relative to the underlying need, issue, or concern between the registered nurse and the patient/client. In my future career as a registered nurse, interpersonal communication will be expected to enhance my duty and responsibility discharge. Interpersonal communication will essentially enhance attitude and behavior influence, maintain professional relationships in the nursing setting, enable personal expression and understanding of nursing needs, foster emotional support, enhance decision making and problem solving, and regulate power (Bach & Grant, 2011). In the light of the aforementioned expectations, my career as a registered nurse stands a chance to be effective and efficient. The interview was an eye-opener to what is expected of me in the nursing

Spain and England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spain and England - Essay Example There were frequent struggles over religious beliefs, and that culminated into the thirty years of war from 1618 to 1648. Catholic and protestant leaders manipulated the situations to befit their political interests. This paper seeks to examine the early modern rivalry between Spain and England, from the angle of the ensuing religious schism. It conspicuously shows how the rivalry strengthened each nation and explains the reasons why England emerged the dominant power by 1600, based on the accounts and examples captured in the book The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, 3rd edition by Lynn Hunt et al. The religious war pitted France and Spain, which were predominantly Catholic and desirous of restoring Catholicism throughout Europe and England, which was predominantly protestant, under the Church of England. The rise of Church of England came under the reign of Henry VIII (1509-1547). When Henry VII tried to end is marriage with Catherine of Aragon, so that he would marry Anne Boleyn, the Catholic Church opposed as result of which Henry VIII changed England’s religion, through the enactment of the Act of Supremacy of 1529. Henry VIII’s successors had different impact of the Church of England, most of which were influenced by Spanish catholic philosophy. For instance, Mary Tudor was married to Phillip of Spain, and the latter implored upon her to instill reforms at the Catholic Church in England. As a result of his role, Mary Tudor had over 300 Protestants executed (Hunt et al, 2010, 456). However, Elizabeth I (1558-1693) reestablished Protestantism, and she rejected proposals by Phillip upon the death of Mary. Therefore, as results of the differences between these 2 powers, there were internal strife and disorders in each country. For instance, in England, there was a catholic uprising in the North under the reign of Elizabeth, which she had to deal with, and because of her Protestantism policy, she faced two serious attempts to assassinate her, and there was always the threat of a Spanish invasion. To add, these powers interfered with each other’s activities, including using proxies to f ight their wars. For instance, Elizabeth I funded Dutch rebels engaged against Spain. Phillips II of Spain was determined to destroy political enemies in England, France and Netherlands. The wars took an economic toll on Spain, for by the time Phillip died; Spain could barely afford to wage wars against the Dutch, France and England. Phillip II, despite inheriting a lot of wealth, he used all his revenue to fund the conquest of France, the English protestants and the Ottoman Turks. The conflicts had escalated to a full war, in 1587, when Phillip, in response to the beheading of Mary Stuart-a catholic who was next in line to the throne and who had offered Phillip II of Spain her rights to the Scottish throne- sent his armada to attack England. His armada was heavily defeated, signaling a humiliating defeat to the Spanish Catholics while the Protestants rejoiced (Hunt et al, 2010, 457). Moreover, the two countries were faced with famine, starvation, economic recession and as results o f the constant wars between the 2 countries. For instance, in England, many people ate some bread and soup during the famine, that culminated in the passage of poor law in 1597, whose role was to order communities to support the poor. With regards to inflation, it arose out of the need for more money to support the warfare. As a result, the rulers raised taxes and depreciated the value of their money resulting to high inflation (Hunt

Appearances :: essays papers

Appearances Looks really do matter, no matter how many people disagree with that statement. The first impression does make that big of an impact, but whoever made up that statement as to, "Beauty being in the eye of the beholder" perhaps they are right. Perhaps beauty is formed in the eye of the beholder. But we, as humans will always be superficial and judge others on their looks. Very few people in life get away with their character and intelligence. I find myself to be beautiful but not drop dead gorgeous, well okay on some days I do. So "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." Everyone has their special qualities in life. But what happens to the one born with a disability? As a child I had many friends, being the outgoing person that I am. I have always been friendly with everyone; the attractive and not so attractive. Even the girl who had a crooked face. I always wondered what happened to her and how she got deformed on the side of her face, she looked so monstrous. Everyday I would see her sitting alone at lunch, always the last one to leave the playground, playing alone everyday, and she was so quiet as well. Kids used to make fun of her everyday, which was very sad. I even feel bad, for I was one who cracked jokes on occasion as well and laughed along with others. One day though my parents had me walk home from school, for I didn't live very far and I saw this girl walking in front of me. She was walking very slowly, staring down at the ground. I decided to say hi and we talked while walking home together. After talking for a while I realized that she is no different then any of us, and she is so sweet, perhaps the sweetest person I have ever encountered in my life. How could I ever make fun of someone like that? I felt so horrible and apologized to her for ever making any mean comments and then I invited her over to play. We became the very best of friends after that. It was so hard though in school talking to her, I suppose I was embarrassed to be seen with her, but after becoming good friends I no longer felt the need to hide our friendship and soon others started talking with her as well, I even introduced her to the rest of my friends and started defending her when others made rude comments. I soon even found out why Appearances :: essays papers Appearances Looks really do matter, no matter how many people disagree with that statement. The first impression does make that big of an impact, but whoever made up that statement as to, "Beauty being in the eye of the beholder" perhaps they are right. Perhaps beauty is formed in the eye of the beholder. But we, as humans will always be superficial and judge others on their looks. Very few people in life get away with their character and intelligence. I find myself to be beautiful but not drop dead gorgeous, well okay on some days I do. So "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." Everyone has their special qualities in life. But what happens to the one born with a disability? As a child I had many friends, being the outgoing person that I am. I have always been friendly with everyone; the attractive and not so attractive. Even the girl who had a crooked face. I always wondered what happened to her and how she got deformed on the side of her face, she looked so monstrous. Everyday I would see her sitting alone at lunch, always the last one to leave the playground, playing alone everyday, and she was so quiet as well. Kids used to make fun of her everyday, which was very sad. I even feel bad, for I was one who cracked jokes on occasion as well and laughed along with others. One day though my parents had me walk home from school, for I didn't live very far and I saw this girl walking in front of me. She was walking very slowly, staring down at the ground. I decided to say hi and we talked while walking home together. After talking for a while I realized that she is no different then any of us, and she is so sweet, perhaps the sweetest person I have ever encountered in my life. How could I ever make fun of someone like that? I felt so horrible and apologized to her for ever making any mean comments and then I invited her over to play. We became the very best of friends after that. It was so hard though in school talking to her, I suppose I was embarrassed to be seen with her, but after becoming good friends I no longer felt the need to hide our friendship and soon others started talking with her as well, I even introduced her to the rest of my friends and started defending her when others made rude comments. I soon even found out why

Peace Journalism Is Incompatible with Achieving the Journalistic Ideal of Objectivity

In the media world we observe that the framing of narratives in conflicts plays a crucial role in politics and in lives of regular people. There is a certain manipulation on the presentation of war and peace in the media. Main question is what media ought to do and what they can do. One of the alternatives is Peace Journalism. This paper will analyse it in the light of the journalistic ideal of objectivity. George Orwell wrote that â€Å"history is written by the winners†, and that there is no universally accepted answer just because it is true – in each case there is a great number of incompatible answers and they struggle to be adopted (Orwell, 1944). This statement can be understood that there is no objective truth. Maybe especially when it comes to conflicts there is no objectivity. None the less, this essay will look at the objectivity as a possible practice, mentioning some scholars that oppose this view. On one hand arguments showing that Peace Journalism is objective will be shown, and on the other hand arguments opposing this statement will be presented. As the propaganda model is essential for understanding objectivity in the journalistic practice, one section will be devoted to short analysis of Herman and Chomsky’s theory. But first definition of Peace and War Journalism will be introduced, and a notion of objectivity examined. Peace journalism vs. War Journalism Peace Journalists claim that conflicts can be exacerbated or ameliorated with the use of media. Lynch and McGoldrick argue that a typical practice of contemporary journalists is War Journalism. According to them such way of reporting exacerbates conflicts, for that reason, they propose a revolutionary alternative to War Journalism. In order to stop violence journalists need to make innovations in the way they report conflicts. One can ask if such approach is objective, but they believe that their approach is an answer to how to be a humane observer-participant in un-humane context (McGoldrick & Lynch, 2000). War Journalism is a practice of most journalists who focus on two sides of conflict. Usually in such reporting one side wins and the other loses, there is no space for complex relations with many parties involved. War Journalists are occupied with violence. They choose one side of the conflict to be a victim and the other to be a villain (dualism). What is more, the reports are based on official sources, and that makes them highly biased – their alternative is on the other hand not dependent on official sources, hence, it is objective. Media according to some scholars are relying on both political and economic elites (see the Propaganda Model), however, also social and cultural factors contribute to the way conflicts are reported. Especially to the domination of war journalism have those factors contributed a lot. Universal practice is, however, non-critical reporting of official versions of events. In the eyes of public media generally seem to be more reliable than politicians. For this reason, they are often used by elites to broadcast the official messages, which are not necessarily objective. According to the critics of War Journalism, media’s reporting is more about military leaders than the people involved in conflict. This is the main point made by Annabel McGoldrick and Jake Lynch, who argue that non-critical reporting of official sources is often rewarded by military sources. Peace Journalism on the other hand analyses conflict including balance, impartiality and truth in reporting. Again, it is therefore more objective than War Journalism. War Journalism is the dominant discourse and it tries to be an objective form of reporting conflicts. It focuses on violent responses to conflict and undervalues non-violent ones. McGoldrick and Lynch recognise three conventions within War Journalism. Two of them have already been mentioned earlier. Those thre conventions are: a bias in favour of official sources, a bias in favour of event over process and a bias in favour of â€Å"dualism† in reporting conflicts. Because of objectivity in War Journalism, we hear little about change agents and peace-building initiatives, at least compared with official sources who take most part of conflict coverage. How we understand conflicts is depending on choices made in newsroom. In War Journalism it is safer to stick to events and report what has taken place. That is why most common practice is to report on events and not on processes. Dualism may seem to appear to the public as common sense, it is a key part of objectivity, however, it is a key element of War Journalism as well, and therefore, Peace Journalists oppose it. Hearing both sides is in fact bad practice and can be a proof of lack of journalistic skills. In this short introduction, it is visible that at the first sight War Journalism is raditionally said to be more objective than Peace Journalism, however, Peace Journalists claim that their practice is more objective. Their new way of reporting has an important influence on the audience and their understanding of conflicts. Peace Journalists’ approach to the coverage of conflict means showing compassion and understanding. It sets people’s sights on suffering, howev er, emphasizes peace initiatives at the same time. It is not glorifying one side while castigating the other; it shows falsehood on both sides. In this sense it is objective. War Journalism on the other hand, presents conflict as a battle between the good and the bad, where the result is either victory or defeat. Using non-violent perspective, explaining the background of the conflict, giving a voice to all parties should be a new practice according to the peace researchers. The link between media and military has undergone some changes, and it seems that journalists have only two choices. One is to report official statements and be part of military propaganda, for example embedded journalism, or the second choice is to become doubtful observer who struggles to explain the events that influence lives of nations. Objectivity Objectivity is â€Å"a cornerstone of the professional ideology of journalists in liberal democracies† (Lichtenberg, 1996). What is problematic with objectivity is that in fact it only gives a resemblance to the real course of events. It makes an audience passive; they are being served the news without a profound analysis or explanation. Giving just both sides of the story may be a sign that a journalist has not done a proper work with the case. When defining notion of objectivity in this way, Peace Journalism would not be compatible with achieving it. Defining objectivity is not an easy task, though. Understanding objectivity as neutrality is wrong as it is utopian ideal. For example, newspapers always need to take a standpoint when they decide what stories to feature in their editions, the same when broadcasters choose what stories to cover, whom they interview etc. Objectivity is not impartiality or fairness or balance. Objectivity is based on facts or evidence, not feelings or opinions. It requires evidence and verification more than attempt to being neutral (Sambrook, 2004). Hence, we may say that Peace Journalism can be objective. Fundamental question one needs to ask is, if there is any such thing as â€Å"truth†. Do facts in truth prove anything? Lichtenberg writes that â€Å"our most fundamental interest in objectivity is an interest in truth† (1996, p. 227). Journalists have their biases, hence, it seems that in fact ideal of objectivity is not possible to achieve. It is impossible to include all perspectives, as well as it is impossible to reject one’s bias (Bell, 1997; Lichtenberg, 1996). Journalists need to acknowledge their unfairness, so that they can fight it and realize what the accepted narratives are. However, if there is possible bias, it means that there should be unbias possible as well. To deny that objectivity is possible would mean that there is any way of getting at the truth (Lichtenberg, 1996). Propaganda model Problem with objectivity is that a notion of objectivity favours official statements and viewpoints of governments and powerful players, like corporations. Before further analysing of Peace Journalism in terms of objectivity, it is crucial to introduce the conceptual framework, which shows how media institutions work nowadays. Christiane Amanpour claims that media are getting too close to show business (1996). This claim finds confirmation in the theory of Herman and Chomsky. Herman and Chomsky's Propaganda Model of the media consists of a system where the government and dominant players are able to broadcast their message to the public and control what is becoming a news. This is possible in an American media landscape, because of money and power, according to the two scholars. The factors of money and power filter the news – depending if the news is appropriate for the media they can get to the public; one that is opposing is left aside. In Herman and Chomsky’s model there is no space for possibility of objectivity, though. In Manufacturing Consent they mention â€Å"worthy† and â€Å"unworthy† victims. With â€Å"worthy victims† they mean casualties that are harmed in enemy state, there is much coverage of â€Å"worthy victims†, because their suffering is crucial for US case. Those that are abused, but not mentioned in media coverage are â€Å"unworthy victims†. Criterion of worthy/unworthy victims is one of the examples how media report conflicts. Media are subordinated to political as well as economic powers, according to the Propaganda Model. Herman and Chomsky’s theory assumes that there are five filters that make link between governing powers and media. First one is the nature of media ownership, second, advertising and its influence on media, third is the fact that media rely on the governmental, business and involved partial sources (for example, so called â€Å"experts†), fourth factor is what they call fear of flak – a constant pressure from media institutions that you as a broadcaster may be criticised, and last factor is national religion or anti-communism, later re-phrased into ideological convergence – war on terror (Herman & Chomsky, 1988). This theory is confirmed by many practitioners. Martin Bell claims that screens are the filters. The programme editors seem to know how it is being a war correspondent, and they think that they have been there (Bell, 1997). Conflict coverage is shaped according to their view or perception of reality. It is therefore not objective. Peace Journalism vs. Objectivity Peace Journalism in a way can be called journalism of attachment; it disregards objectivity to some extent. In journalism of attachment media are embedded in international affairs. They play a part in reproducing inequalities between nations. But maybe journalism does not have to be objective? The statement that the news holds a mirror up to nature is untrue, because mirror does not affect the image, it does not change what it reflects, while television image does (Bell, 1997). This means that the media are powerful and have a direct effect, this effect can be called CNN effect, BBC effect or Al-Jazeera effect. Irrespectively of name, this effect assumes that new types of broadcasting are capable of changing policies. News is not only global/international, but also immediate or live, and most importantly continuous. US ambassador for UN said that CNN should become the 16th member of the UN Security Council (Amanpour, 1996). Seeing the sea of blood on the front pages and in TV news reports increases the pressure on political elites to do something about the conflict, as seen in case of for example Bosnia or Rwanda. Amanpour compares the role and influence of media on the society to a brain surgery – it is about feeding the brains. However, such statement does not take into account that media are controlled by professional values and organizational instructions that do not give journalists so much freedom to influence the masses to full extent. Interestingly, it is mostly politicians that claim that CNN effect has a huge influence of policy-making. They believe there is a strong CNN effect, therefore, they act as if it did. Journalists on the other hand have mixed opinions. The issue of objectivity is complex. According to Sambrook objective approach is facts, evidence, verification, independence and transparency (2004), hence, peace journalism is incompatible with achieving objectivity, because it is people-oriented, truth-oriented and solution-oriented, it may be therefore selective in the coverage. War Journalism is biased in that way that it favours violence, Peace Journalism on the other hand avoids bias, because it does not give so much importance to violence or violent parties in conflicts. Then, to some extent it is possible to say that Peace Journalism is compatible with achieving the journalistic ideal of objectivity. As of appealing to its audience, Peace Journalism promotes peace and social justice, elements that are values in the modern society. Interesting change in the reporting that has happened last decades is the fact that the cycle of news is 24 hour long, and the speed is crucial when it comes to breaking stories. Because of that it is impossible to devote time to report events objectively. Would that mean that no journalism can be in fact objective? In general Peace Journalism is more objective than War Journalism. It focuses on positive developments in peace-making and peace-building initiatives. It includes both elites and non-elites. Peace Journalism is objective, because it is focused on exposing untruths on all sides. Amanpour says that objectivity in war is important. The practice should give all sides a fair hearing, but it does not mean that journalists should treat all sides equally. Objectivity must go together with morality. Conclusions George Orwell in his essay â€Å"Historical truth† from 1944 makes an interesting point that Encyclopaedia Britannica could collect information on the campaigns during The First World War also from German sources, because data like casualty figures was neutral and unbiased. At the time when the essay was published Orwell claims that, such practice would not be possible, because Nazi and non-Nazi versions of World War II were so different from one another (Orwell, 1944). However, how Orwell puts it â€Å"[t]here is some hope (†¦) that the liberal habit of mind, which thinks of truth as something outside yourself, something to be discovered, and not as something you can make up as you go along, will survive†. Martin Bell in TV news: How far should we go? wished to be called a Peace Correspondent, however, according to the reporter unfortunately there is no such thing, like Peace Correspondent. Bell writes that sometimes it seemed to him that as a humankind we learned nothing and forgotten everything (Bell, 1997). He claims that although there is a new element – television – we are not learning much from conflicts and still are revisiting history. Yet, the way of reporting wars has changed. First of all, there are TV and satellite dishes, a technological factor. Second change is a shift of approach. Just like communication technology, people’s attitudes also have changed. Before it was objective and necessary for journalists to stay distanced and detached, nowadays the practice common in media is what Bell calls bystanders’ journalism. It is concerned with circumstances of conflict more than with people. But for Bell objectivity is a slogan, an illusion impossible to achieve. He says: â€Å"[w]hen I report from the war zones, or anywhere else, I do so with all the fairness and impartiality I can muster, and a scrupulous attention to the facts, but using my eyes and ears and mind and accumulated experience, which are surely the very essence of the subjective. † Journalism of attachments is a journalism that cares and knows, as Bell puts it. It assumes that journalists are part of the world, so they can be involved in the events they report. The journalist being a neutral observer and witness is a myth (Bell, 1997). Does it mean that Peace Journalists are not objective then? Even screens are the filters. The programme editors seem to know how it was being war correspondent, and they think that they have been there. It is a time to be passionate and a time to be dispassionate. It is simply a matter of common sense (Bell, 1997). Then, it can be said that Peace Journalism does not necessarily mean subjective reporting. Peace Journalists are not selective in their reporting, so although it is questionable if it can be called objectivity, Peace Journalism to high extent is compatible with achieving the journalistic ideal of objectivity.

Enhancement Of Fracture Toughness Through Atomic Scale...

Enhancement of Fracture Toughness through Atomic Scale Crack Bridging in Graphene with Stone-Thrower-Wales Defects G. Rajasekaran and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee - 247667, India ABSTRACT Keywords: graphene, defect engineering, Stone-Thrower-Wales defect, crack bridging, stress intensity factor, fracture toughness. 1. Introduction Graphene is a hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of honeycomb lattice packed carbon structure that was discovered and successfully isolated from bulk graphite just a few years ago [1]. It is a promising candidate in a number of mechanical, thermal and electrical applications [2-6], owing to its outstanding physical properties [2]. In addition to enormous nano-technological applications, graphene also attracts prodigious attention as strengthening element in composites [7-10]. Characterization of the mechanical properties of graphene is essential both from a technological perspective for its reliable applications and from a fundamental interest to understanding its deformation physics [11-13]. In material science, fracture toughness is a property that describes the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture, and is one of the most important mechanical properties of any material [14-15]. The useful strength of large area graphene with engineering relevance is usu ally determined by its fracture toughness, rather than the intrinsic strength